Xathrya Sabertooth

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• List of Component and Device for ARM Tutorial Series
• List of Component and Device for Arduino Tutorial Series
• Arduino Project: Arduino and LM35 Sensor

List of Component and Device for ARM Tutorial Series Posted: 02 Apr 2014 07:53 AM PDT If you want to start tinkering in ARM, you may look at following list. This list is the parts you might need to follow my tutorials. You are not obligate to gather all because I always specify what materials you need in every article. However, you can see following as a reference. Board I have both learning board and development board. For learning board I mainly focus on Nuvoton LB-NUC140. For development board I mainly focus on DT-ARM NUC120. Component Buy one item of component isn’t too useful. A better idea is to buy a pack of that component, if possible. Resistors: 100 ohm x 3 220 ohm x3 330 ohm x 3 10k ohm x 3 1k ohm x 3 Light Emitting Diode (LED): Choose 5mm LED any color. We use three LEDs at minimum. Trimpot Photocell Pushbuttons x 2 Some wires, preferably breadboard jumper wires. infrared LED pin 0.1″ standard header x 6 Piezo speaker or buzzer Some sensors we need: Parallax PING))) sensor TMP36 temperature sensor (or LM35 for alternative) ADXL335 accelerometer breakout board PNA4602 infrared sensor Tilt sensor and actuator: Servo 5V, for example: Hitec HS-322HD or Vigor Hextronic Tools Standard A-B USB cable. This cable is used for connecting Arduino to computer Breadboard. You can use either 400 pin or 170 pin breadboard. Additional Gadgets Of course this is optional. Nintendo Nunchuk controller

List of Component and Device for Arduino Tutorial Series Posted: 02 Apr 2014 07:46 AM PDT If you want to start tinkering Arduino, you may look at following list. This list is the parts you might need to follow my tutorials. You are not obligate to gather all because I always specify what materials you need in every article. However, you can see following as a reference. Arduino board Normally I would use my Arduino Uno R3, unless told otherwise. You can use any Arduino board you think suitable for both your budget or your specidication. Component Buy one item of component isn’t too useful. A better idea is to buy a pack of that component, if possible. Resistors: 100 ohm x 3 220 ohm x3 330 ohm x 3 10k ohm x 3 1k ohm x 3 Light Emitting Diode (LED): Choose 5mm LED any color. We use three LEDs at minimum. Trimpot Photocell Pushbuttons x 2 Some wires, preferably breadboard jumper wires. infrared LED pin 0.1″ standard header x 6 Piezo speaker or buzzer Some sensors we need: Parallax PING))) sensor TMP36 temperature sensor (or LM35 for alternative) ADXL335 accelerometer breakout board PNA4602 infrared sensor Tilt sensor and actuator: Servo 5V, for example: Hitec HS-322HD or Vigor Hextronic Tools Standard A-B USB cable. This cable is used for connecting Arduino to computer Breadboard. You can use either 400 pin or 170 pin breadboard. Additional Gadgets Of course this is optional. Nintendo Nunchuk controller

Arduino Project: Arduino and LM35 Sensor Posted: 02 Apr 2014 06:37 AM PDT LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature in Celcius. Compared to thermistor, this component give more accurate result and generate higher voltage than thermocouples which may not require output amplifier. The scale factor for this sensor is .01V/oC and doesn’t require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/-0.8 oC over range of 0oC to 100 oC. It has three leg: VCC, V-out, GND. The VCC is input voltage to supply the IC. The V-out is the pin which output the result temperature reading. The GND is ground. Objective Measure surrounding temperature. Display the measured temperature to serial communication Prerequisite none Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LM35 You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. Make sure you have the pin and leg configured properly. We will connect V-out leg to pin Analog 0 or A0. Next we can sense the temperature by read the value of this pin. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int TEMP_SENSOR_PIN = 0; // We mean analog 0 const float SUPPLY_VOLTAGE = 5.0; // If you use 3.3V, write it here. const unsigned int BAUD_RATE = 9600; const float get_temperature() { const int sensor_voltage = analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR_PIN); const float voltage = sensor_voltage * SUPPLY_VOLTAGE / 1024; return (voltage * 100); } void setup() { Serial.begin(BAUD_RATE); } void loop() { Serial.print(get_temperature()); Serial.println(" C"); delay(1000); } We define the pin for reading as TEMP_PIN and assign this constant by 0. Remember that our reading will be in analog, so we will use analogRead() function instead of digitalRead() function. We use 5.0V from Arduino and write it as constant SUPPLY_VOLTAGE. If you use different voltage, write it there. Result Open serial communication on Arduino IDE. You will see something similar to this: Why it Works The heart of this project is get_temperature(). const float get_temperature() { const int sensor_voltage = analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR_PIN); const float voltage = sensor_voltage * SUPPLY_VOLTAGE / 1024; return (voltage * 100); } First, we read the output of sensor. The value range from 0 to 1023, which is a scale actually. We multiply the output with our SUPPLY_VOLTAGE, we got the exact value which has V unit. Division with 1024 is applied as the highest output is 1024 value. Because the precision is 10 mV/oC, we should convert the Volt unit to mV unit which we next multiply it by 1000. But wait, we then should divide it with 10 the scale, so we can get the shortcut: just multiply the voltage with 100. And that’s the recipe. You can revise the code to make compact code by using magic number. const float get_temperature() { return (analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR_PIN) * 0.48828125); } Where did we get this magic number? You should figure it by yourself

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Arduino Project: Simple Traffic Light Posted: 28 Mar 2014 04:44 AM PDT Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, stop lights, or technically as traffic control signals are signalling device positioned at road intersection, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. In this project we will create a simple “traffic light”, imitating what traffic light does and program it using Arduino. Objective Three light switch each other to perform a simple traffic light. Multiple digital signal output. The order of light in one cycle: red – yellow – green – yellow Prerequisite Blinking LED Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LEDs ( red x1, yellow x1, green x1 ) Resistor 10k ohm x3 You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. Because we want to do this as realistic as we can, we will use three different LED: one red LED, one yellow LED, one green LED. The resistors should be 1/4 Watt resistors with resistance value of 10k ohm. You can use resistors of any band. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. We use three LED at once. The first LED is red, the second LED should be yellow, and the last one is green LED. Remember which one is the positive leg and which one is negative leg (anode and cathode) for each LED. Connect attach the long leg of an LED (positive leg or anode) with resistor and then connect it to corresponding pin. Red one will use pin 12, yellow will be in 11, and green would use pin 10. Connect the short leg (negative leg or cathode) to the ground (GND). Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. #define RED_PIN 12 #define YELLOW_PIN 11 #define GREEN_PIN 10 // timeout for each LED in second int timeout[3] = {10, 1, 20}; int currentLED = 0; int alternate = -1; int enumLED[3] = { RED_PIN, YELLOW_PIN, GREEN_PIN }; void setup() { pinMode(RED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(YELLOW_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(enumLED[currentLED], LOW); if (currentLED == 0) { alternate = 1; } else if (currentLED == 2) { alternate = -1; } currentLED = currentLED + alternate; digitalWrite(enumLED[currentLED], HIGH); delay(timeout[currentLED] * 1000); } We define three constant here: RED_PIN, YELLOW_PIN, and GREEN_PIN for red, yellow, and green LED respectively.  However this time we only define it using macro not as constant. Then we create an array of LED as enumLED. This array will be our shortcut to switch between LED. For indexing we use currentLED variable. The timeout array is an array which stored delay interval for each LED in seconds. This means our lights won’t turned on in same duration. The alternate variable is used to increment the currentLED index. Remember that in one cycle, we define the LED switching as red – yellow – green – yellow. Result LED is turned on in following order: red for 10 seconds yellow for 1 second green for 20 seconds yellow for 1 second red for 10 seconds at another cycle. Why it Works Our code is as simple as turned off current LED and turned on the next LED. The previous, current, and next LED are defined in an array and we use currentLED variable as an index. The alternate is used to increase or decrease the index and make our LED obey our pattern.

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• Arduino Project: Toggle the LED with Push Button
• Arduino Project: Push Button
• Arduino Project: Software Serial Communication
• Arduino Project: Turn On/Off LED using Serial Communication
• Arduino Project: Simple Serial Communication

Arduino Project: Toggle the LED with Push Button Posted: 27 Mar 2014 06:13 PM PDT This project is upgrade of previous project (Simple Push Button). In this project, we just need to press the push button once to turn it on or off, instead of hold it. Objective Make the LED turn on or off by pressing the push button. Prerequisite Blinking LED Simple Push Button Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LED Push button You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. The LED I use will emit red light as it is powered by electricity. There are some kind of push button exists. In our project, we need only push button with four legs. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino and also for serial communication. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. To build the circuit, attach the LED as shown in the figure. Attach the long leg of an LED (positif leg or anode) to pin 13. Attach the short leg (negative leg or cathode) to the ground (GND). On Arduino Uno, there is also a built in status LED which connected to pin 13. When our Arduino running successfully, both status LED and external LED will start to blink. The push button has four legs (or four pins) as shown above. Two opposite pins connect when the button is pushed; otherwise, they are disconnected. In one side, we connect one leg to Arduino pin 7. In other side, we supply 5V electricity to one leg. The other leg is connected to a 10k ohm resistor before going to ground. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int BUTTON_PIN = 7; const unsigned int LED_PIN = 13; int old_button_state = LOW; int led_state = LOW; void setup() { pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT); } void loop() { const int CURRENT_BUTTON_STATE = digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN); if (CURRENT_BUTTON_STATE != old_button_state && CURRENT_BUTTON_STATE == HIGH) { led_state = (led_state == LOW ? HIGH : LOW); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, led_state); delay(50); } old_button_state = CURRENT_BUTTON_STATE; } Notice that we define two constant here, LED_PIN which is for LED, and BUTTON_PIN for the push button. Both are defined as different purpose, the LED is output pin while the push button is input. There is no significance change to our code from previous project. Things we can notice are the existence of two new variables: old_button_state and led_state. Result You should see that LED is turned on or off whenever we press the button. Why it Works We define a global variable named led_state to store the current state of our LED. It will be LOW when the LED is on and HIGH otherwise. In loop() we check the button’s current state. When we press the button, the switches is in HIGH logic and we toggle the content of led_state. The global variable old_button_state is used to store the old state of push button. If we don’t do this, when we press and hold the button, the state will constantly be HIGH and we’d toggle the LED’s state continuously. Because this happens so fast it seems like the LED’s constantly on. When we release the button, the LED is in a more or less arbitrary state. Therefore we use previous push button to guard the state of LED.

Arduino Project: Push Button Posted: 27 Mar 2014 05:17 PM PDT Pushbutton is one of common component found in projects. The mechanism is simple, we press push button and we got a signal, otherwise it (should) gives nothing. Objective Make the LED turn on when we press the push button. Make the LED turn off when we release the push button. Prerequisite Blinking LED Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LED Push button You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. The LED I use will emit red light as it is powered by electricity. There are some kind of push button exists. In our project, we need only push button with four legs. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino and also for serial communication. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. To build the circuit, attach the LED as shown in the figure. Attach the long leg of an LED (positif leg or anode) to pin 13. Attach the short leg (negative leg or cathode) to the ground (GND). On Arduino Uno, there is also a built in status LED which connected to pin 13. When our Arduino running successfully, both status LED and external LED will start to blink. The push button has four legs (or four pins) as shown above. Two opposite pins connect when the button is pushed; otherwise, they are disconnected. In one side, we connect one leg to Arduino pin 7. In other side, we supply 5V electricity to one leg. The other leg is connected to a 10k ohm resistor before going to ground. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int BUTTON_PIN = 7; const unsigned int LED_PIN = 13; void setup() { pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT); } void loop() { const int BUTTON_STATE = digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN); if (BUTTON_STATE == HIGH) { digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); } else { digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); } } Notice that we define two constant here, LED_PIN which is for LED, and BUTTON_PIN for the push button. Both are defined as different purpose, the LED is output pin while the push button is input. Our code is as simple as checking the push button state and then output the corresponding voltage to LED. Result You should see that LED is turned on whenever we press the push button and turned off when we don’t. To keep the LED turned on, we have to keep pressing the push button. Why it Works Why do we need resistor for push button? The problem is that we expect the push button to return a default value (LOW) in case it isn't pressed. But when the button isn't pressed,it would not be directly connected to ground and would flicker because of static and interference. A little bit of current flows through the resistor,and this helps prevent random noise from changing the voltage that the input pin sees. When the button is pressed, there will still be 5 volts at Arduino’s digital pin, but when the button isn’t pressed, it will cleanly read the connection to the ground. We call this a pull-down resistor. That is, we have to connect the Arduino’s signal pin to power through the pushbutton and connect the other pin of pushbutton to ground using a resistor. You can also wire this circuit the opposite way, with a pullup resistor keeping the input HIGH, and going LOW when the button is pressed. If so, the behavior of the sketch will be reversed, with the LED normally on and turning off when you press the button.

Arduino Project: Software Serial Communication Posted: 27 Mar 2014 08:04 AM PDT In most case, our device are stand-alone application, which means we don’t involve any additional computer for operation. However, we can still make Arduino interact with our computer in such nice way. We use serial communication to achieve this. Most possible reason for communication is debugging purpose. We analyze Arduino state for various input and condition given, by reading output shown by Arduino. The serial communication can also be used for communication of two devices. Arduino have built-in support for serial communication on pin 0 and 1, but what if we need more serial ports? Here come SoftwareSerial Library to rescue. This library has been developed to allow serial communication to take place on the other digital pins of our Arduino board, using software to replicate the functionality of the hardwired RX and TX lines. This can be extremely helpful when the need arises to communicate with two serial enabled devices, or to talk with just one device while leaving the main serial port open for debugging purpose. Objective Use pin 10 and 11 as virtual RX and TX serial lines. Echo data received from main RX serial line to virtual TX line. Echo data received from virtual RX line to main TX serial line. Prerequisite Simple Serial Communication Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino and also for serial communication. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. We don’t need any extra component to do this project. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. #include <SoftwareSerial.h> SoftwareSerial EuSerial(10, 11); // Bind RX and TX to pin 10 and 11 void setup() { // Open serial communications and wait for port to open Serial.begin(57600); // Wait for serial port to connect. Needed for Leonardo only while(!Serial); Serial.println("Arduino SoftwareSerial Demo"); // Set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port EuSerial.begin(4800); EuSerial.println("Hello, world?"); } void loop() { // Echo data from virtual RX to main TX if (EuSerial.available()) Serial.write(EuSerial.read()); // Echo data from main RX to virtual TX if (Serial.available()) EuSerial.write(Serial.read()); } Here we have two serial line: Arduino serial and virtual serial by SoftwareSerial. Both have difference baud rate, the main lines have baud rate 57600 while the virtual lines have baud rate 4800. The initialization of both lines are similar. We use begin() function to set the baud rate of both lines. In loop(), we will echo every input we got. To do that, we should check the availability first. This is done by executing available(). To read data, Arduino use read() function. To send data to other end, Arduino provide print() and println() function. These functions are slight different where println() send extra new line character at the end of transmission. Result You need two serial lines connected to your PC. The result should be similar to Simple Serial Communication project. It is strongly recommended to use PuTTY and connect to both port recognized by your computer. Why it Works We have demonstrate serial communication in this project. The word serial means “one after the other”. Serial data transfer is a transmission method where data is transferred one bit at a time, one right after the other. Information is passed back & forth between the computer and Arduino, by essentially, setting a pin high or low. There are two condition of logic in circuit, HIGH and LOW. Some microcontrollers might define HIGH and LOW difference, but in Arduino Uno we have HIGH logic as 5V and LOW logic as 0V. If you know boolean value, yes this is boolean value with HIGH is true and LOW is false.

Arduino Project: Turn On/Off LED using Serial Communication Posted: 27 Mar 2014 07:34 AM PDT Objective Input/Output from and to Arduino. Make the LED turn on when we input certain command. Make the LED turn off when we input certain command. Prerequisite Blinking LED Simple Serial Communication Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LED You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. The LED I use will emit red light as it is powered by electricity. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino and also for serial communication. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. To build the circuit, attach the LED as shown in the figure. Attach the long leg of an LED (positif leg or anode) to pin 13. Attach the short leg (negative leg or cathode) to the ground (GND). On Arduino Uno, there is also a built in status LED which connected to pin 13. When our Arduino running successfully, both status LED and external LED will start to blink. We don’t need extra resistor for this project, but make sure you are using pin 13. If you do connect it to other pin, it might be destroyed. The reason is that pin 13 has an internal resistor that other pins don’t have which limit current to our LED. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int LED_PIN = 13; const unsigned int BAUD_RATE = 9600; char command; void setup() { pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(BAUD_RATE); } void loop() { if (Serial.available() > 0) { command = Serial.read(); if (command == '1') { Serial.println("Led on"); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); } else if (command == '2') { Serial.println("Led off"); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); } else { Serial.println("Led pattern 1"); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); delay(250); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); delay(500); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); delay(250); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); } Serial.print("You enter: "); Serial.println(command); } } Notice that we define two constant here, LED_PIN which is pin we use, and BAUD_RATE for the baud rate. Baud rate is the rate of character transferred every second. Notice that 1 character is 1 byte, which is also 8 bit. Both party who communicate must agree on same baud rate before transmission began. If baud rate is not equal, data can’t be transferred correctly. Here we introduce a object called Serial. This object handles input output in serial communication. To use this object we should initialize which baud rate we use. In this case we use 9600, which is common baud rate used. To do input, we should check the availability first. This is done by executing Serial.available(). Single character can be read by read() function. To send data to other end, Arduino provide print() and println() function. These functions are slight different where println() send extra new line character at the end of transmission. We define three commands: ’1′, ’2′, and ’3′. If we enter 1, we turn the LED on. If we enter 2, we turn the LED off. If we enter 3, we make the LED on/off in certain pattern. Result Once the program is uploaded, open “Serial Monitor” window in Arduino IDE. It is our tool to do serial communication using Arduino IDE. You can open it by navigate to Tool > Serial Monitor. Another way to do it is press CTRL + SHIFT + M at once. To give input to Arduino, type in to the text box and click on “Send” button. Now give input of number 1, 2, 3 and see the result. You should see the LED are turned on and off according to your command. Why it Works It similar to project Simple Serial Communication where we received some commands from serial communication. This command are then processed to determine which routine should we do.

Arduino Project: Simple Serial Communication Posted: 27 Mar 2014 06:27 AM PDT In most case, our device are stand-alone application, which means we don’t involve any additional computer for operation. However, we can still make Arduino interact with our computer in such nice way. We use serial communication to achieve this. Most possible reason for communication is debugging purpose. We analyze Arduino state for various input and condition given, by reading output shown by Arduino. The serial communication can also be used for communication of two devices. Objective Input/Output from and to Arduino. Doing simple math operation and output the result. Echoing the user inputs. Prerequisite none Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino and also for serial communication. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. We don’t need any extra component to do this project. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int BAUD_RATE = 9600; int a = 5; int b = 10; int c = 20; void setup() { Serial.begin(BAUD_RATE); Serial.println("Arduino Serial Communication Demo"); Serial.print("a = "); Serial.println(a); Serial.print("b = "); Serial.println(b); Serial.print("c = "); Serial.println(c); Serial.print("a + b = "); // addition Serial.println(a + b); Serial.print("a * c = "); // multiplication Serial.println(a * c); Serial.print("c / b = "); // division Serial.println(c / b); Serial.print("b - c = "); // subtract Serial.println(b - c); } void loop() { if (Serial.available()) { Serial.write(Serial.read()); } } In the first line we declare a constant, BAUD_RATE, which has value 9600. Baud rate is the rate of character transferred every second. Notice that 1 character is equal to 1 byte or 8 bit. Both party who communicate using serial communication must agree on same baud rate before transmission began. If baud rate is not equal, data can’t be transferred correctly. Here we introduce a object called Serial. This object handles input output in serial communication. To use this object we should initialize which baud rate we use. In this case we use 9600, which is common baud rate used. We declare three variables for our math operation: a, b, and c with their respective value. In setup() we do some basic math operation over these three variables. The result will be presented every time we initiate serial connection. In loop(), we will echo every input we got. To do that, we should check the availability first. This is done by executing available(). To read data, Arduino use read() function. To send data to other end, Arduino provide print() and println() function. These functions are slight different where println() send extra new line character at the end of transmission. Result Once the program is uploaded, open “Serial Monitor” window in Arduino IDE. It is our tool to do serial communication using Arduino IDE. You can open it by navigate to Tool > Serial Monitor. Another way to do it is press CTRL + SHIFT + M at once. Here we will be presented with the result of our math operation. To give input to Arduino, type in to the text box and click on “Send” button. You will see nice similar message you type. Here is the result after I type “Satria Ady Pradana”: Alternatively, you can use puTTY in Windows or Linux terminal in Linux. However we won’t cover this subject. Why it Works We have demonstrate serial communication in this project. The word serial means “one after the other”. Serial data transfer is a transmission method where data is transferred one bit at a time, one right after the other. Information is passed back & forth between the computer and Arduino, by essentially, setting a pin high or low. There are two condition of logic in circuit, HIGH and LOW. Some microcontrollers might define HIGH and LOW difference, but in Arduino Uno we have HIGH logic as 5V and LOW logic as 0V. If you know boolean value, yes this is boolean value with HIGH is true and LOW is false.

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Arduino Project: Simple Blinking LED Posted: 25 Mar 2014 06:43 AM PDT Blink LED, like what it should be, we make certain LED blinking. We can define “blinking” as continuous condition switching between ON and OFF condition. This is the simplest project we can do for Arduino. Objective Make LED blinking. Prerequisite Basic understanding of LED Requirement Following is all materials I use for this tutorial. Arduino Uno R3 LED You can change the Arduino board to higher specification if you like. The LED I use will emit red light as it is powered by electricity. You also need an USB A to B cable for upload our program to our Arduino. Circuit Here is the circuit image, created using Fritzing. To build the circuit, attach the LED as shown in the figure. Attach the long leg of an LED (positif leg or anode) to pin 13. Attach the short leg (negative leg or cathode) to the ground (GND). On Arduino Uno, there is also a built in status LED which connected to pin 13. When our Arduino running successfully, both status LED and external LED will start to blink. We don’t need extra resistor for this project, but make sure you are using pin 13. If you do connect it to other pin, it might be destroyed. The reason is that pin 13 has an internal resistor that other pins don’t have which limit current to our LED. Code Let’s see what code we use for this project and discuss it later. const unsigned int LED_PIN = 13; const unsigned int PAUSE = 500; void setup() { pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); delay(PAUSE); digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); delay(PAUSE); } Notice that we define two constant here, LED_PIN which is pin we use, and PAUSE for the delay interval which is 500 ms. The heart of this project is pin 13. We use this pin as output pin. Therefore we initialize pin 13 as an output pin with the statement: pinMode(LED_PIN,OUTPUT); Next in the main loop, we turn the LED on by: digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); and turn it off by: digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); And we now know that digitalWrite() function is used to output signal on a pin. The delay() command is used to tell Arduino to do nothing for given time. In our case, we make Arduino wait for 500 miliseconds. Result LED is blinking. Why it Works There are  two condition of logic in circuit, HIGH and LOW. Some microcontrollers might define HIGH and LOW difference, but in Arduino Uno we have HIGH logic as 5V and LOW logic as 0V. If you know boolean value, yes this is boolean value with HIGH is true and LOW is false. The LED we use is active-high LED, which means it can turn on when it is given HIGH voltage.

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Arduino and List of Arduino Boards Posted: 24 Mar 2014 06:19 PM PDT Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It is a single board microcontroller intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environment. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated as µC, uC, or MCU) is an integrated circuit contain a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. One can program microcontroller for various purpose especially for control machinery, for example: robotics, automobile engine control systems, remote controls, toys, and other embedded systems. In short, microcontroller is similar to our brain, controlling input, process, and output of electronic device. This behavior similar to computer, however microcontroller already have memory, timer, and storage for store executable program. A microcontroller can’t be used directly. It is a IC chip and we can’t use it immediately, which means we have to supply a minimum system to run it. That is analogically same with processor and motherboard. Fortunately, Arduino has provide all we need to utilize a microcontroller. Arduino has wrapped all the complicated things and provide us with nice programmable board without us to do extra work to create a system minimum. The Boards When we talk about Arduino, we are actually talking about Arduino family. There are some boards released by Arduino, designed using either Atmel AVR processor and ARM-based processor. The main differences between those boards are the: Type of processor Number of inputs and outputs Form factor An Arduino board is basically a single board with appropriate system and components enough to power and run a microcontroller. One Arduino product (Arduino board) might differs in some aspects when compared to another Arduino product. Arduino boards use megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega 328, ATmega 1280, and ATmega 2560; and also ARM Cortex chips. The boards include a 5 volt linear regulator. We can power Arduino board from power connector or from USB connector when we program it. Most of Arduino products include 16MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants). Although some designes such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz. As stated before, Arduino is an open-source. Arduino exposed the schematics for all of their products, open to everyone. Anyone who interested can make their own arduino board. However, Arduino restricts that no one should use Arduino brand name for third party maker. That means, any company who create the Arduino clone cannot use Arduino name. The Shields Shields are printed circuit expansion boards that plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin-headers. Shields can provide motor controls, GPS, ethernet, LCD display, or any function specific to that shield. These peripherals are sold separately and can also be made by ourselves. Programming in Arduino Microcontroller is programmable, so does Arduino board which use microcontroller to run its awesomeness. Arduino has official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) in use of programming for Arduino. The IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java and derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. There are also alternative to Arduino IDE which you can see from this list. Arduino programs are written in C or C++, however the structure is simplified. Arduino use software library called Wiring from original Wiring project which makes many common input/output operations much easier. We at minimum only need to define two function to make a runnable cyclic executive program: setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings. loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off. An example for simple source code (also called as “sketch”) which will blinks a LED on and off: const unsigned int LED_PIN = 13; void setup() { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital output } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED delay(1000); // Wait 1 second or 1000 miliseconds digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED delay(1000); // Wait 1 second } The programs compiled or created are in binary format which executable by the microcontroller. However this binary program is different with binary program in our computer. These programs use the different format, the mnemonic used by microcontroller. The last step in programming Arduino is “upload” the program to Arduino. In common practice, uploading a program to microcontroller need external device called “programmer”. The fancy thing is, Arduino needs no external programmer. It has built component in board which allow our ordinary computer as programmer. List of Boards Arduino release numbers of board. This list might not be up to date. Please refer this page for more accurate Arduino product. Arduino Uno Arduino Leonardo Arduino Due Arduino Yùn Arduino Tre Arduino Micro Arduino Robot Arduino Esplora Arduino ADK Arduino Ethernet Arduino Mega 2560 Arduino Mini Arduino BT (BlueTooth) LilyPad Arduino USB LilyPad Arduino Simple LilyPad Arduino SimpleSnap LilyPad Arduino Arduino Nano Arduino Pro Mini Arduino Pro Arduino Fio For quick comparison: Name Processor Operating Voltage/Input Voltage CPU Speed Analog In/Out Digital IO/PWM EEPROM [KB] SRAM [KB] Flash [KB] USB UART Uno ATmega328 5 V/7-12 V 16 Mhz 6/0 14/6 1 2 32 Regular 1 Due AT91SAM3X8E 3.3 V/7-12 V 84 MHz 12/2 54/12 - 96 512 2 Micro 4 Leonardo ATmega32u4 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz 12/0 20/7 1 2.5 32 Micro 1 Mega 2560 ATmega2560 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz 16/0 54/15 4 8 256 Regular 4 Mega ADK ATmega2560 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz 16/0 54/15 4 8 256 Regular 4 Micro ATmega32u4 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz 12/0 20/7 1 2.5 32 Micro 1 Mini ATmega328 5 V/7-9 V 16Mhz 8/0 14/6 1 2 32 - - Nano ATmega168 ATmega328 5 V/7-9 V 16Mhz 8/0 14/6 0.512 1 1 2 16 32 Mini-B 1 Ethernet ATmega328 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz 6/0 14/4 1 2 32 Regular - Esplora ATmega32u4 5 V/7-12 V 16Mhz - - 1 2.5 32 Micro - ArduinoBT ATmega328 5 V/2.5-12 V 16Mhz 6/0 14/6 1 2 32 - 1 Fio ATmega328P 3.3 V/3.7-7 V 8 Mhz 8/0 14/6 1 2 32 Mini 1 Pro (168) ATmega168 3.3 V/3.35-12 V 8 Mhz 6/0 14/6 0.512 1 16 - 1 Pro (328) ATmega328 5 V/5-12 V 16Mhz 6/0 14/6 1 2 32 - 1 Pro Mini ATmega168 3.3 V/3.35-12 V 5 V/5-12 V 8 Mhz 16 MHz 6/0 14/6 0.512 1 16 - 1 LilyPad ATmega168V ATmega328V 2.7-5.5 V/2.7-5.5 V 8 Mhz 6/0 14/6 0.512 1 16 - - LilyPad USB ATmega32u4 3.3 V/3.8-5V 8 Mhz 4/0 9/4 1 2.5 32 Micro - LilyPad Simple ATmega328 2.7-5.5 V/2.7-5.5 V 8 Mhz 4/0 9/4 1 2 32 - - LilyPad SimpleSnap ATmega328 2.7-5.5 V/2.7-5.5 V 8 Mhz 4/0 9/4 1 2 32 - - Yùn ATmega32u4 5 V/5 V you should provide regulated 5V 16 MHz 7/0 20/7 1 2.5 32 Regular Micro 1 Tre ATmega32u4 16 MHz 6/0 14/7 (5 V) 12/4 (3.3 V) 1 2.5 32 We might cover some Arduino models. To get start, you can check following models: Arduino Uno, basic one with a replaceable chipset. Arduino Mega 2560, provides a bunch of inputs and output. Arduino LilyPad, wearable as clothes. Arduino Nano, very small device. For my series of tutorials unless told otherwise, I will use Arduino Uno and sometime Arduino Mega. Reference Arduino official site – http://arduino.cc/

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List All Constraints of Database or Table in SQL Server Posted: 27 Feb 2014 04:23 PM PST A constraint is defined as a specific rule applied to data in a table in such a way when the constraint is violated, the action is aborted. Constraint can be specified when the table is created (inside the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (inside the ALTER TABLE statement). Many times when we use action like: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, we get error(s) because on or the other constraint is violated. It’s getting annoying when we are new to this database and don’t know what constraints are set on the tables. In this article, we will discuss about how to list all the constraints in a database. All the methods given have been tested on SQL Server 2012. Method 1: Using sys.objects sys.objects is a special table which contains row for each user-defined, schema-scoped object that is created within a database. Including our constraint. All we need to do is query that table. -- To Display all the Constraints in the Database SELECT * FROM [sys].[objects] WHERE [type_desc] LIKE '%CONSTRAINT' The above query will display all the fields of sys.objects. For convenience use, we can refine it to display in elegant way. -- To Display all the Constraints in the Database SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id) AS [ConstraintName], SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) AS [SchemaName], OBJECT_NAME(parent_object_id) AS [TableName], [type_desc] AS [ConstraintType] FROM [sys].[objects] WHERE [type_desc] LIKE '%CONSTRAINT' We can also display all the constraints of a table, let say ‘NEST_User’, by querying: -- To Display all the Constraints in table 'Nest_User' SELECT OBJECT_NAME(object_id) AS [ConstraintName], SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) AS [SchemaName], [type_desc] AS [ConstraintType] FROM [sys].[objects] WHERE [type_desc] LIKE '%CONSTRAINT' AND OBJECT_NAME(parent_object_id)='NEST_User' Method 2: Using INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS information schema view is one of several methods SQL Server provides for obtaining metadata. It provides an internal, system table-independent view of the SQL Server metadata. However, it has one shortcoming; it won’t display the default constraints of the database. – To Display all the Constraints in the Database SELECT * FROM [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[TABLE_CONSTRAINTS] – To Display all the Constraints in table 'NEST_User' SELECT * FROM [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[TABLE_CONSTRAINTS] WHERE [TABLE_NAME]='NEST_User' To display DEFAULT constraint in the database we can use following SQL statement. – To Display Default Constraints in Database SELECT OBJECT_NAME(PARENT_OBJECT_ID) AS [TABLE_NAME], [COL_NAME] (PARENT_OBJECT_ID, PARENT_COLUMN_ID) AS [COLUMN_NAME], [NAME] AS [DEFAULT_CONSTRAINT_NAME] FROM [SYS].[DEFAULT_CONSTRAINTS]

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Desktop Experience for Windows Server 2012 Posted: 13 Feb 2014 01:19 AM PST Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 are like twins. They have the same core technology but then differs in advance utilization. Windows Server is used for server purpose, however we can still experience Windows 8 on Windows Server 2012. The thing we need to know is Desktop Experience, a feature added by Microsoft for doing so. In this article we will install additional desktop applications and add several GUI improvements. After installation, we will have following effects: Application added to the Start Screen: Windows Store Default Programs Windows Media Player Character Map Disk Cleanup Snipping Tool Sound Recorder Math Input Panel Start screen will automatically appear instead of the classic desktop Charms bar (bar on the right side of the screen) with buttons ‘Search’, ‘Start’, ‘Settings’, ‘Share’, and ‘Device’ The Settings option of the Charms bar will also have the 'Change PC Settings' option which is a Windows 8 version of the Control Panel. The context menu of the classic desktop will have the 'Personalize' option added. Applications: Windows Mail, Windows Photo Viewer Services: ActiveX Installer, Offline Files, Windows Image Acquisition (WIA), System Events Broker, Time Broker, WebClient, Still Image Acquisition Events, Microsoft Account Sign-in Assistant Miscelanous: Various screensavers, Ability to burn .iso's from Windows Explorer, Sync Center in Control Panel, Adobe Flash Player Steps Open “Server Manager” and make sure you are on “Dasboard” tab. Click on “Add roles and features” Skip the information page by clicking “Next” Select “Role-based or feature-based installation” as installation type and then click “Next” We want to install Desktop Experience feature on local server which is also selected by default so choose “Next” Desktop Experience is not a Role so click “Next” to bring ourselves to “Features” page. Here expand “User Interfaces and Infrastructure” and check the “Desktop Experience”. You will be asked for installation of features required by Desktop Experience so just agreed with it. At the confirmation page, optionally check the “Restart the destination server automatically if required” checkbox as the Desktop Experience feature will need a restart to complete. You can also manually restart the server after the wizard completed. Once your machine restarted (either you choose automatically or restart it manually) you will see your desktop now has more applications.

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